Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation Essay Example

Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation Paper For instance, on the supply side, traffic flow, speed, composition, frequency of stopping and starting, road gradient and surface. When considering the affected side, the factors like proximity to road, type of land use and time of day, also affect the generation of traffic noise. 1. 2 Purpose of the Study The main purpose of the study is to assess and find out the variations in traffic noise level under Stop-Go situations. 1. 3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are: * To determine the level of noise due to vehicle Start. * To determine the level of noise due to vehicle Stop. To assess variations in traffic nose level under Stop-Go situations. 1. Study Area The study area is an intersection where is located along Persian Tama road. The intersection is signaled and it is located at Saudi Town. Saudi Town is located within the Juror Barr District and it is between the Sinai and Juror Barr City Centre. It is under administrative of Juror Barr Central Municipal Council. Figure 1-1 shows the location Of study area. Figure 1 ;1: Study Area. 1. 5 Scope of the Study The scope of this study is mainly focused on the assessment level of noise under Stop-Go situations. The study area is intersection where is tied Persian Tama road with Persian Tama 1 road. The collected data are Noise level. The instrument that has been used to collect data is a survey. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction Stop-and-Go or more generally interrupted traffic is one of traffic phenomena being controlled by traffic signals at intersections. The prediction of traffic noise level in such the area needs the characteristic of traffic flow in conjunction with noise emission level of each vehicle type. The movement characteristic of traffic at an intersection can be forecasted using traffic flow horses whereas noise emission level is obtained from field measurement data. This study aiming at the collection of stop and go noise emission level which indeed relates to the level of noise pollution received by student and teacher at Seakale Meghan Sebastian Minutia Rind. As the school is located at a busy intersection, noise pollution in the school environment is expected to disturb the activities in school such as study, discussion and teaching session. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, the environmental assessment of traffic noise at intersections near the school is measured. 2. Noise 2. 2. 1 Definition of Noise people who study acoustics define noise as complex sound waves that are periodic, in other words, sound waves with irregular vibrations and no definite pitch. In engineering, noise is defined as a signal that interferes with the detection of or quality of another signal. In fact, it is difficult to recognize the noise sound from others. For Instance, Is music noise? Is the hum of tires on a highway noise? Is the surround-sound movie theater noise? Is the philharmonic concert noise? And what about the accompanying beat for aerobic exercises at the health club? Sounds that are soothing for some are irritating to others. Basically, noise is unwanted sound. It is a pollutant and a hazard to human health and hearing. Noise is one of the environmental pollutants which create interference in communication and health (Augural and swami 2009; Pratt and Nagasaki 2007; Apathy et al. AAA). It an environmental stress which has received much attention in the past (Zinnia et al. 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) considered noise as the third most hazardous type of pollution right after air and water pollutions (WHO 2005). People exposed to high-level noise may be affected in en or more of three ways: health, performance, and comfort (Media and Outshone 2001). Research regarding urban noise pollution and its consequences for the community has been studied by several countries (Apathy et al. Bibb; Kumar and Gain 1998; All 2004 Oshkosh et al. 1999). The most obvious effect of noise is damage to hearing ability, which may be temporary or permanent depending on the exposure time (Immemorial al. 2002;Hyssop and Aisha 2005). Similar study that focused on the behavior of human beings exposed to traffic noise was carried out in Canada by Michael et al. (2008). Generally, motor vehicles, which are a very significant part Of the urban environment, are an important source of noise emission, contributing 55% to the total noise (Bannered et al. 008; Naira et al. 2003). 2. 2. 2 Unit of Noise Noise levels are measured in decibels (db). The higher the decibel level, the louder the noise. The decibel (db) is a logarithmic unit for the ratio of a physical quantity, usually power or intensity relative to a specified or implied reference level. A ratio in decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities. Being a ratio of two measurements of a hysterical quantity in the same units, it is a dimensionless unit. A decibel is one tenth of a bell, a seldom-used unit. The decibel is widely known as a measure of sound pressure level, but is also used for a wide variety of other measurements in science and engineering, most prominently in acoustics, electronics, and control theory. In electronics, the gain of amplifiers, attenuation of signals, and signal to noise ratios are often expressed in decibels. It confers a number of advantages, such as the ability to conveniently represent very large or small numbers, a logarithmic scaling hat roughly corresponds to the human perception of sound and light, and the ability to carry out multiplication of ratios by simple addition and subtraction. . 2. 3 Noise Measurement Unit used to measure sound pressure level is decibel (db). Sound can also measured using Pascal (Pa) but measurement in Pascal would therefore quite unmanageable numbers. The decibel scale is simple and easy to use without involving long linear numbers. Decibel also gives a much better approximation of the response of human ear to loudness. With every unit of decibel it must be included a weighting network at the end of it. This weighting network used to differentiate sound based on its frequency. There are three categories of weighting system that is always used, that is A,B and C. The difference between weighting network between ABA and C are A discriminates against the low frequencies. 8 also discriminates against the low frequencies but to a lesser extent, and C to the least extent. There is also a D weighting but it is used to measure noise from airplanes. In this study, the weighting network of A will be used because its characteristic is almost the same as characteristics of human ear. Instrument used to measure noise bevel at source is sound level meter. The unit used in this instrument is decibel. Sound level meter is design to react with sound is similar to reaction with human ear. The difference is that the sound measured by this instrument will be processed and changed into numbers for interpretation purposes. Sound level meter consist of microphone, amplifier, network weighting (A,B, and C) and a meter. Microphone is an important part of the instrument. The sound will enter the sound level meter through microphone and the acoustic energy of sound will be transferred into electric signal by microphone. After all the transformations have been completed the meter will process the input data in decibel values. 2. 3 Classification of the Noise Levels Both the amount of noise and the length of time you are exposed to the noise determine its ability to damage your hearing. Noise levels are measured in decibels (db). The higher the decibel level, the louder the noise. Sounds louder than 80 decibels are considered potentially hazardous. The noise figure below gives an idea of average decibel levels for everyday sounds around you. Painful 150 db rock music peak 140 db = firearms, air raid siren, jet engine 30 db = jackhammer 120 db jet plane take-off, amplified rock music at 4-6 Ft. , car stereo, band practice Extremely Loud 110 db = rock music, model airplane 1 06 db = timpani and bass drum rolls 1 00 db = snowmobile, chain saw, pneumatic drill 90 db = lawnmower, shop tools, truck traffic, subway Very Loud 80 db = alarm clock, busy street 70 db busy traffic, vacuum cleaner 60 db = conversation, dishwasher Moderate 50 db = moderate rainfall 40 db = quiet room Faint 30 db = whish per, quiet library 2. Noise Pollution at School Environment Schools surrounding are the place that is considered as noise abatement zone. School environment especially located in busy area has a high rate of noise pollution. There are many new schools built near roadways in residential areas without noticing the impact of traffic activities to the school environment. Noise pollution at school environment is due to many sources. It depe nds on where the school is built. A school which is located near the city center has a very high noise pollution range because it has many sources that will lead to noise pollution. In this study area, Seakale Meghan Sebastian Minutia Rind which is located at intersection with traffic signal has the potential of Ewing noise polluted as the intersection normally congested during peak hour with many types of vehicle pass through the road. Noise from vehicles especially motorcycle, buses and trucks are very annoying and disturbing. 2. 4. 1 Effect of Noise Research being done by Snobbery (1 974), he has determine some effects of noise pollution to school students , such as : 1. They did not hear the teacher as well 2. They found it more difficult to hear lectures and classroom discussion 3. It was more difficult to study 4. They felt it was necessary to talk loudly in class in order to be heard 5. Some teachers have to speak too loudly and 6. Outside noise bothered them Much of the research on noise and children concerns damage to the auditory system. While the possibility of hearing damage is, and should be, of concern to parents and educators, the non-auditory effects of noise on children also deserves attention. The literature on the latter topic falls into three categories; physiological effects, motivational effects, and cognitive effects. 2. 4. 1. 1 Physiological effects An elevated blood pressure level in school-aged children is associated with living or going to school near a major noise source (e. . , Stop and go, traffic light, trains). Although the blood pressure levels of children exposed to these major noise sources are within the normal range, they are higher than for children not exposed to major noise sources. Refereed to the previous statistic, the elevated blood pressure levels are of concern for two reasons. One, the levels do not habituate with continued exposure, and two, elevated pressure levels in children appear to continue this pattern into adulthood thereby increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In each case the noise exposure was chronic. 2. 4. 1. 2 Motivational effects Research findings suggest that exposure to uncontrollable noise may make children more vulnerable to learned helplessness. Learned helplessness means that the individual learns that the outcomes of its behavior are independent of the actions of the individual. Most of this research has been with school-aged children, including kindergà ¤rtners. One study found that children attending a school near a major airport were less likely to solve a challenging puzzle and to persist at it as well. Another study found that children exposed to noise were more likely to abdicate their choice for a reward to their teachers. The children decided to let the adult pick a prize for them rather than exercise their option to do so. Teachers in noisy schools also report greater difficulty in motivating children in their school work. Children often had less tolerance for frustration. Limited work has been done with younger children. One study in a residential setting found that 12 month- old infants in noisy homes exhibited less mastery-oriented play behavior with their toys than their counterparts in quieter homes. 2. 4. 1. 3 Cognitive effects Most of the research on the non-auditory effects of noise on children has been on cognitive effects. The research has looked at memory, attention/ perception, and academic achievement. The study on memory and noise for children parallels that of adults; there appears to be little or no effects of noise on simple memory. This holds true for both chronic and acute exposure to noise. However, if the memory task requires special attention there does appear to be some negative effects of noise. In other words, if the individual has to pay particular attention because of the difficulty of the task, noise may interfere with the memory task. 2. 4. 2 Ways to Reduce Noise Problem in Schools Environment Research done by Slater (1968) proved that student will perform better under quiet condition than noisy condition. Noise pollution in school environment disturbs during study session. Students cannot concentrate with what they are learning and consequently they will lose their interest to study. Searchers also cannot teach effectively during teaching session. This is due to uncomfortable classrooms conditions that the students cannot hear their voice clearly and the student will hardly understand what the teacher is trying to teach. There are many ways to reduce noise pollution problem from getting worst specially in school environment : 1. Construct a school building tha t has sound insulation system 2. Construct sound barrier such as high fence made from concrete wall of wood 3. Planting more trees in the schools surrounding 4. A good planning before building school 5. Stop or remove the noise 6. Society awareness about the noise problem 7. A strict laws concerning noise pollution and 8. Speed limit for road users near school surrounding 2. 5 Characteristics of Noise Waves Noise or sound is created by alternate compression and decompression of particles of the air. This causes the air pressure to fall and rise in the form of waves. Frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness) are the two characteristics of sound. 2. 5-1 Frequency Frequency is the number of times that the air is compressed and decompressed in a second, and is measured in cycles per second, or Hertz (Haze). Low frequency produces a low pitched, bass sound. High frequency produces a high pitched, whistle sound. Human ears respond to frequencies between GHz and 20,GHz. The human voice produces frequencies between GHZ and 2,OOZE. Below GHZ and above 20,000 HAZE sound cannot be heard but it can still be harmful. The ear is most sensitive to sounds between 1000 and GHz. 2. 5. 2 Intensity Intensity is the amount of sound energy reaching the eardrum, and is measured in decibels (db). Zero decibels is the faintest sound that the average person can hear, and the loudest sound may be more than a million times this level. This is because the intensity of sound does not rise gradually each increase of 10 decibels means that the intensity increases 1 0 times. For example, a 10 decibel sound is 10 times louder than a 1 decibel sound; a 20 decibel sound is 100 times louder than a 1 decibel sound (xx); 30 Seibel are 1000 times louder (10x10x10), and so on. The ear responds to intensities from O to db. Discomfort is felt at db, and near db, pain is felt with possible rupture and permanent damage to the eardrum. Some noise intensity measurements are given in a measure called db(A) which takes into account the frequency sensitivity of the ear. db(A) measurements are obtained on a noise meter which weights the different frequency components. For example, the noise intensity for a circular saw, and the noise intensity inside a bus have the same value when expressed in db. But the noise from a circular saw contains a greater proportion of high frequencies, and is more annoying than the noise inside a bus. Therefore, the circular saw has a higher db(A) value. 2. Main Traffic Noise Sources Noise sources associated with transportation projects can include passenger vehicles, medium trucks, heavy trucks and buses. Each of these vehicles produces noise; however, the source and magnitude of the noise can vary greatly depending on vehicle type. For example, while the nose from passenger vehicles occurs mainly from the tire-roadway interface and is Hereford located at ground level, noise from heavy truc ks is produced by a combination of noise from tires, engine, and exhaust, resulting in a noise source that is approximately 8 feet above the ground. The following list provides information on the types of transportation noise sources that will be part of a roadway project, and describes the type of noise each produces. 2. 6. 1 Passenger Vehicles (cars): Noise emitted from O to 2 feet above roadway, primarily from tire-roadway interface. This category includes normal passenger vehicles, small and irregularities trucks, small to mid-size sport utility vehicles, mini- and full-size assenter vans. Typical noise levels for passenger vehicles are 72 to 74 dab at 55 MPH at a distance of feet. 2. 6. Medium Trucks (MET): Noise emitted from 2 to 5 feet above roadway, combined noise from tire- roadway interface and engine exhaust noise. This category includes delivery vans, such UPS and Federal Express trucks, large sport utility vehicles with knobby tires, large dieseling trucks, some tow-trucks, city transit and school buses with under vehicle exhaust,moving vans (U-haul-type trucks), small to medium recreational motor homes and turbochar ger trucks with the exhaust located under the vehicle. Typical noise levels for mediumistic are 80 to 82 dab at 55 MPH at 50 feet. . 6. 3 Heavy Trucks (H T): Noise emitted from 6 to 8 feet above the roadway surface, combined noise sources includes tire-roadway interface, engine noise, and exhaust stack noise. This category includes all log-haul tractor-trailers (semi-trucks), large tow trucks, dump trucks, cement mixers, large transit buses, motor homes with exhaust located at top of vehicle, and other vehicles with the exhaust located above the vehicle (typical exhaust height of 12 10th feet). Typical Jose levels for heavy trucks are 84 to 86 dab at 55 MPH at 50 feet 2. 2. 6. Road Noise Arises from Three Sources on Vehicles: * propulsion noise (engine, power train, exhaust and intake systems) Tire/road contact noise * Aerodynamic noise The engine noise is the dominant source at lower speeds (under km/h for passenger cars / under km/h for lorries), tire noise dominates above that, a nd aerodynamic noise becomes louder as a function of the vehicle speed. 2. 7 Traffic Noise Mitigation In theory, there are a number of options that can be used to reduce or mitigate traffic noise. These include traffic management, highway design, and noise barriers including earthen beers. In reality, noise mitigation is often infeasible due to space requirements, aesthetic issues and financial costs, or because the costs o;sigh the benefits. Any specific mitigation measure recommended as part of a project must be feasible and have a reasonable cost in relation to the benefit. Potential mitigation measures are described below. 2. 7. 1 Traffic Management Traffic management measures include modification Of speed limits and restricting or prohibiting truck traffic. Restricting truck use on a given roadway loud reduce noise levels at nearby receivers since trucks are louder than cars.

London Economy Essay Sample

London Economy Essay Sample London Economy Essay Example London Economy Essay Example According to a global index of the cities appeal, the best cities of the world are New York, London, and Tokyo. Each of them has the unique centuries-old history and which underwent economic, social, and political ups and downs. Numerous conquerors changed originality and culture of the three capitals. Today, New York and Tokyo occupy a leading niche on business activity and sizes of the capital market. London and New York are the leaders in the success of tourists and emigrants involvement. Large cultural and sporting events and a number of the museums and theatres prevail in London and New York. Owing to research, it became obvious that public galleries of the cities, in most cases non-profitable, are the main source of information on classical heritage and state of the modern art for their inhabitants. Private galleries are capable of presenting art history within a certain direction that makes them the most acceptable for purposeful searches. Moreover, there is also a classical g radation taking the educational principle as a basis. Talking about labour migration of London, New York, and Tokyo, the research proved that this phenomenon has both positive and negative impacts on the cities. First of all, the reduction of production costs due to the use of cheaper foreign labour in leads to crease competitiveness of the cities’ goods. Foreign workers provide additional demand for goods and services in the country and, thus, stimulate an increase in production and working employment. However, the major disadvantage of labour migration is the social tension, which appears when foreign workers take those job vacancies for which local workers apply. London is a Global Capital of Culture Nowadays, New York and Tokyo are to be considered the front-runners in the economic sense. However, day by day, London is becoming not only a financial centre, but also a global capital of culture, prestige, and wealth. Each city has its unique history, culture, and economy with its own advantages and drawbacks. Finance and trade play the major roles in the development of the economies in the three mentioned cities. They are the most important financial centres of the whole world and the country the capital of which they are. The financial organizations located in these cities have controlled the loin’s share of the world capital. London, New York and Tokyo are the major world equity markets, but London is one of the most important economic and financial centres of Great Britain, Europe, and the whole world. The history of London totals almost 2000 years. The small military fortification of Londinium on the River Thames was founded by the Romans who arrived on the British Isles in the 40-60s, A. D. In 1066, William the Conqueror triumphed over the English king Harold II, came to London and was crowned in Westminster Abbey. At that time, London was proclaimed as the capital of the strengthening monarchy. Due to a successful geographical location and proximity to the sea, the city was gradually becoming a major trading centre where crafts were rapidly developed, roads, residential and public buildings were built. In the middle of the 11th century, London united two cities, i.e. Westminster and City. In City, trade and finance segments continued to develop, whereas Westminster gradually was becoming the religious and political centre. In 1176, the construction of the stone bridge replacing the wooden one built by the Romans began. Construction of the new bridge, which later was called as Ol d London Bridge, was completed in 1209. The city became the real capital only during the governance of Edward III, who transferred the royal administrative centre to Westminster for the period of his reign in the 14th century. London became the only British city of the Middle Ages, which was compared in size to the great cities of Europe. Settlement of London proceeded and amplified during the Industrial Revolution and throughout the 19th century. The major part of London’s population was in poverty. During the 19th century, poor and unemployed people were stagnated in alcoholism. By 1871, London’s population reached 3 million people and increased by means of prospering middle class citizens, who moved into the city centre. London became the capital of art and literature. The numerous masterpieces and works by Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, Dickens, and Kipling were created there. In the territory, which today is occupied by the city of New York, Indian tribes lived long before the arrival of Europeans. European settlements began in 1626 with the foundation of the Dutch settlement known as New Amsterdam on the southern suburb of Manhattan. In 1664, the British seized the city without having encountered opposition, and it was renamed into New York in honour of the Duke of York. As a result of the second Anglo-Dutch War in 1667, the Dutch officially gave New York to British and in exchange received a colony of Suriname. At the beginning of the War for Independence, the modern territory of the city was the arena of important battles. As a result of Brooklyn fight, a large fire began in which the most part of the city burned down, and until the end of the war, it was in the hands of Great Britain up to the time when Americans took it under control again in 1783. Within the 19th century, the city population promptly grew due to rough inflow of immigrants. In 1811, the master plan of the city development was adopted and according to it the network of streets was expanded having covered all Manhattan. By 1835, New York surpassed Philadelphia on the population having become the biggest city in the United States. In 1898, according to the new bill, the new municipal unit originally called the Greater New York was created. In 1914, the state legislature created Bronx County, and New York County was reduced to the sizes of one Manhattan. In the first half of the 20th century, the city became the world centre of industry, trade, and communication. In 1904, the first metro company Interborough Rapid Transit started working. In 1930s, the outlines of New York soared skyward with construction of several highest skyscrapers of the world. After World War II, New York became the indisputable world leading city. In 1973, the twin towers of World Trade Cent re were constructed. Construction of the United Nations headquarters in New York symbolized a unique political value of the city. The city of Tokyo was founded in 1457 and was called Edo. At that time the construction of the castle in the place where East Garden of the Imperial Palace is currently located began. In 1524, Hojo Ujitsunathe entered the castle, and in 1590, it was occupied by Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu became a shogun and started ruling Japan from Edo Castle. During Tokugawa’s governance, the city was developing rapidly. In 1637, the construction of Edo Castle was completed. In 20 years, the Great Fire of Meireki destroyed the most part of the red light district of Asakusa and Edo Castle region. In 1707, Fuji volcano awakened, and ash covered the city. In 1855, there was a Great Earthquake in Edo. In 1868, the restoration of Meiji occurred. The power in the country passed from the shogun to ruling oligarchs headed by the Emperor. According to the order of the Emperor, Edo was renamed into Tokyo. In 1869, the Emperor Meiji moved to Tokyo and made the castle the Imperial Palace. In 1872, the feudal system was cancelled, and prefectures were created. In 1872, Tokyo was extended to currently known 23 districts. Besides, the first railway in Tokyo and Japan was opened. In 1874, the Tokyo Police Department was created. In 1923, in Kanto, there was the strongest earthquake as a result of which about 70 000 people were lost. In 1927, the first line of the Tokyo subway was opened. In 1986, along with a dramatic rise in land prices the â€Å"land bubble† phenomenon started. In 1990, the †bubble† burst having caused falling of land prices in Tokyo and across the country. The city on the shores of Tokyo Bay became the largest financial, investment, and information centre of the post-industrial world and the unconditional economic capital of new Asia. The capital of Japan keeps this status to this day, and it will be hardly lost in the nearest future. London is one of the largest financial centres of the world with the biggest city gross domestic product in Europe, namely more than $570 billion. The most important branch of a city economy is finance, including bank service, insurance, and management of assets; in London, headquarters of the largest banks and finance companies, including such as HSBC, Reuters, and Barclays are located. One of the largest world centres of currency and share trade is the London stock exchange. The second most important sector in the economy of London is communication. In the capital, the headquarters of BBC is located, which is one of the largest media corporations in the world. London remains one of the largest industrial centres of Britain. The industry of the city and suburbs is presented by mechanical engineering (automotive industry, electronic industry, machine-tool construction, shipbuilding, ship repair, etc.); light industry, food, oil refining and petrochemical industry, polygraphs, etc. ar e also widely developed. One of the most important sources of income for London is tourism. Unlike London that is on the first place on the city gross domestic product in Europe, New York takes only the third place in the USA. However, New York differs from London by its famous New York Stock Exchange, which is the worlds greatest. Like in London, there is also a famous financial district in New York called Manhattan where the headquarters of many known banks, monetary institutions, and insurance companies are located. Besides, in New York City, many companies specialising in the fields of polygraphs, mass media, law, design, architecture, information technologies, telecommunications and many others operate. The primary branches of the industry developed in the city are mechanical engineering, chemical industry, production of textiles, and food. Such modern branches as biotechnologies, software technologies and e-commerce are quickly developing. The big role belongs to construction and design. New York is the capital of fashion in the USA as there are headquarters of many f ashion designers. As well as in London, the tourist industry is considerably developed. Tokyo is one of three international financial centres, along with New York and London Moreover, Tokyo is one of the most economically developed agglomerations in the world. The city takes the first place among the largest agglomerations in the world according to gross domestic product. Tokyo is a large international financial centre, and the headquarters of a number of the largest world investment banks and insurance companies are located there. Tokyo also carries out functions of the concentrator of transport, publishing and broadcasting branches in Japan. The Tokyo stock exchange of Japan is the largest stock exchange, and also the second in the world according to the market capitalization and the fourth in size of a share in turn. It is one of the largest industrial areas in Japan. Nowadays, mainly educational and hi-tech industries, mechanical engineering, auto- and aircraft industry, shipbuilding, and others are highly developed in Tokyo. The oil-processing, petrochemical, chemical, textile, ceramic, furniture, and food industries also play a crucial role in the development of the city economy. Tourism in Tokyo also makes a contribution to its economy. Within such big cities as London, New York, and Tokyo, big wealth and multiple labour resources creating steady demand for immigrants are concentrated. Nowadays, London is one of the most perspective cities for attraction of mass labour migration. Currently, legal immigrants of London make approximately 8 % of the locals and provide 10 % of growth of gross domestic product in the city. Immigrants usually fill low-paid work places in which locals are not interested, for example, the service personnel, agricultural workers, cleaners, drivers of public transport, etc. In order to increase a labour migration, various immigration programs are created and upgraded in London. However, big inflow of immigrants led to population growth that makes locals worry and can lead to a reduction of workplaces for both parts of the London population. Thus, the government of London should assume measures limiting the inflow of immigrants. Migration in London Like in London, the major factors of formation of the labour migration chain in New York are represented by the opportunity to find a job and the existence of the place where friends or family members have already settled. In New York, immigrants make 43 % of labour force and 37 % of the city’s population. Unlike London, which prefers to attract immigrants for secondary work, New York promotes inflow of a large number of scientists and engineers from Europe, East and Southern Asia in every possible way in order to develop educational, scientific, and hi-tech industries. Thus, New York, which historically is most adapted for absorption of additional labour force, transformed labour migration to â€Å"brain drain† that caused a high contribution made by specialists immigrants in development of the city’s science, medicine, and art. Despite clear discontent of old residents caused by settlement of immigrants in â€Å"old blocks† or by the fact that cheap labo ur force reduce salary level in the city, New Yorkers got over such situation. Currently, the Tokyo authorities are too anxious with a natural decrease of the city population. Thus, unlike London, this year, there was adopted the immigration program, which is aimed at stopping the extinction of local population and turn Tokyo into the city of immigration and multiculturalism. The city is aimed at attracting immigrants from China, India, CIS countries, Africa, and Latin America. Thus, the adoption of the immigration program will strengthen the influence of Tokyo both in Japan and other global cities. The major amount of the workforce is concentrated in Tokyo, rather than in neighbouring prefectures. As well as in London, immigrants in Tokyo are used for the majority of not prestigious jobs. Men work on building sites (42 %) and small subcontract enterprises (39 %), and women work in bars and private clubs (80 %). However, like in New York, the companies carry out an active campaign for recruitment of talented scientific youth abroad in recent years. Unlike both New York and London, Tokyo practices not only immigration of this contingent of the workforce but also performance of various tasks by it and the solution of scientific and technical tasks in the homeland and in foreign branches of the various companies. Such actions are economically justified since Tokyo’s highly skilled labour is one of the most expensive in the world. Proportion of Workers in Tokyo Metropolis by Place of Residence Talking about arts and cultural activities London appears on an edge of art history, and at the beginning of the 20th century, London was considered to be the capital of modern art, which replaced New York in the global sense. In London, the modern art is widely presented both in the museum and gallery spheres that testify to belief of the English audience, curators, art critics, and other art workers in relevance of modern art process and cultural activities. The London market of works of art attracts to itself billionaires and visitors from all over the world, whose payments at various auctions and fairs provide the considerable income to the economic sphere of the city. The important role in advance of London was played by patronage, which gave noticeable odds to many countries. Attraction of financial resources to the sphere of art generated an interest emergence as the ordinary inhabitants, exhibitions of works of the well-known European masters allowed the generation of English artists to join classical, high art that undoubtedly positively affected their skills of performance. However, similar capital investment did not take place without consequences. Men of influence like Charles Saatchi had an opportunity to control a turn of works of art, pricing, and career of the artists. A significant role was played also by a political system of London promoting the capital inflow to the art and cultural spheres. All large art galleries, for example, National portrait gallery or Tate Britain, got official city support, which allowed to make a number of expositions free for access for the population to join art with any level of wealth. As well as in London, inhabitants of New York participate in the most various art and cultural actions, and they get many advantages. However, in comparison with London, not enough attention is paid to a considerable part of the population, and there are significant barriers on a way to population acculturation. Thus, according to recent researches, the majority of the poor population has no opportunities to participate in cultural life of the city. This fact causes great alarm because they are not able to experience a wide range of advantages, which art and cultural interaction can provide. Need of coverage of national groups and reduction of considerable barriers demands constant attention of the cities authorities in the next years. Quality of life in the city and its economic level will be considerably increased if these problems become important elements of the public agenda in the nearest future. Like New York and London, Tokyo is the largest scientific and cultural centre of Japan. In Tokyo, over 100 state, municipal, and private higher educational institutions are located, for example, the University of Tokyo, the Metropolitan University, Waseda University, etc. According to the historical background, the majority of the major departments of the country were transferred to Tokyo, thus, nowadays, there are such establishments as Japanese Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Arts, research institutions, laboratories and the centres at universities, ministries and departments, including National Space Laboratory, National Oncologist Centre, National Parliamentary Library, etc. The city is also famous for the National Theatre of Japan. In the capital, there are more than 400 commercial and non-commercial art galleries and a great amount of museums. One of the largest museums is the Tokyo National Museum, which is an important scientific centre because it contains 85 thousand wor ks of painting, sculptures, and applied art. Such rich cultural and scientific heritage of the city attracts tourists from all over the world that in turn favourably influences the economy and gives a chance to locals to actively participate in cultural city life. Taking into account all abovementioned information, it should be noted that London, New York and Tokyo are the most successful global cities. The long and pompous with numerous events history of the cities played a major role in the establishment of their modern state and look. Various international interconnections influenced the economy, culture and population of the researched capitals. The phenomenon of immigration was always considered doubly because it has positive and negative influence. Thus, the comparative analysis showed that intensive labor migration had and continues to have a great impact on the economy and culture of these developed cities. Besides, all listed aspects affected the perception of relevance of art at the ordinary audience of New York, London, and Tokyo. The belief in the modern art increased and affected essential increase of the prices of the modern art. It also got into all spheres of life and mass media, moreover, its studying was included in various e ducational programs that allows to claim about qualitatively other perception of the modern art.

AQ-TD#1 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AQ-TD#1 8 - Essay Example Influence can be generated through trustworthiness, competence and credibility. By influencing the other nurses, an advocate can build a case for the needed change (Almidei, 2010). Additionally, it is vital to establish positive, cooperative relationships with the other nurses in order to have them in the advocacy. Collaboration would allow the advocate to share a common goal with the other nurses. With this, the advocate would include the other nurses by involving them in the development of the common goals and strategies on how to attain the desired change (Almidei, 2010). Arguably, developing a collaborative relationship with nurses in other departments would make a valuable contribution. However, collaboration would be effective with communication to the other nurses. In essence, advocacy depends on communication. In order to bring the other nurses to share with the advocacy, an advocate would require to communicate the issue to the other nurses in order to convince them to join him or her (Mason et al., 2011). This would serve as a way of including other nurses in the

Research paper of a scholary published creative problem solving

Of a scholary published creative problem solving process - Research Paper Example Large corporations and small businesses can use creative problem-solving methods to re-think old approaches to production and build new approaches. The important aspect of creative problem-solving is that it encourages individuals to share their ideas with a workgroup, and that it recognizes the need of managers to facilitate this popularly in the office or work environment to foster change and improvement in operations. Without management trained in creative problem-solving and seeking to develop intra-office communication through knowledge-sharing, there is unlikely to be any new development or change in the way day-to- day operations in a business are conducted. From this and practical experience in the field, it is evident that creative problem-solving is most effective in business groups or industries which need to innovate to survive or have a competitive advantage over other similar businesses, for these situations require an awareness of the challenges of the industry placed continually to the forefront in order to keep vibrancy and dynamism in the workplace ongoing. In the first case study referenced, Vidal, Mulet, & Gomez-Senent (2004) discuss the â€Å"Effectiveness of the Means of Expression in Creative Problem-solving in Design Groups† based on this important need to challenge work groups to innovate and come up with new ideas for advertising-related careers. The first part of effective management is to knowing clearly the requirements of the job, and for a project manager in publishing or software development, this extends to knowing the requirements of every person’s job as well as communicating to the employees precisely what their responsibilities are in the workplace. However, the case has been made by industry insiders with years of practical management experience in advertising, media, and publishing, that creative campaign projects such as those found in design, magazine and television publishing require a unique management st rategy that is different from that of industrial activity or scientific research. Creative problem-solving approaches the ground of every business and communication problem as unique to the work environment and community engaged. Through this, the discipline can work with the management team and staff on premises to build an improved flow of communication that encourages workers in sharing ideas between each other in order to stimulate a more dynamic, creative process in the office. While it is easily understandable that disciplines such as design and publishing have their own unique need for creativity in the workforce, creative problem-solving as a management technique can be implemented in innumerable situations across all sectors of business and industry. The essential quality of creative problem-solving is that it frees up communication between individuals in channels that had not been previously open, welcome, or understood. In the example of the R. L. Reid study, â€Å"Creat ive Problem-solving Speeds Illinois Tollway Work† (2006), the management technique can even be put into effect in bridging the communication problems that separate workers from the public at large. The reason for this is that creative problem-solving as a management technique operates on the actual terms of the question or problem at hand,

The Individual and the Government Essay Example for Free

The Individual and the Government Essay Our society is composed of many individuals who come from almost all walks of life. The purposeful functions of the individuals in the society benefit the state at large. The same is true for the performance of the state, giving us the idea that the state has the capability to provide not only the needs of the individuals but the also the needs of its own. Every individual in every state has their respective roles that, when summed altogether, comprise the entire benefits for the state. Quite similarly, every state also has its own distinctive roles that benefit the society in general. The government of the state recognizes the individual in many ways, and the most prominent of this comes in the form of the laws that promote and maintain the welfare of the individuals. On the other hand, the individual citizens recognize the roles and responsibilities of the government towards the people and the state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is a fact that individuals are one of the key components of the state, and that their roles in the state contribute to the preservation and continuance of the welfare of the general society. Many of the philosophers from the Renaissance to the contemporary times have emphasized the importance of individual human beings in the formation of the state. A number of these philosophers, specifically those who have proposed their own theories of social contract, stress the point that human beings agreed to form the state in order to preserve their lives as opposed to living a solitary life. Even the government is comprised of individual members each with specific mandated functions that altogether build-up the internal structure and organization of the government. With this aggregate membership of individual citizens, the government is able to proceed with its roles in the state and deliver the needs of the people, hence, exercising its part as the authority in the state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the state is an independent entity whose authority does not depend on other independent states, the state nevertheless needs the citizens who will fill-up the positions in the government in order to give it the capacity to perform its roles. The role of the citizens does not end there. It is also true that the individual citizens of the state pay taxes that serve as the source of the government’s finances. Even the minors pay taxes through the form of purchasing taxable goods and other services available within the territory of the state. While these are just some of the legally binding responsibilities of the citizens, the scope of these responsibilities is of primary significance to the well-being of the state—which is why they are bounded by the law. The individuals may not choose not to fulfill these responsibilities because the law prescribes them to do so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The state is essentially important, and that it serves as the identity of the summation of all individuals that belong to a single nation. Since the state is composed of individual citizens, it can also be said that the individuals share a form of authority as well. Had it not been for the smaller parts that comprise the whole, the whole would not have materialized. The same holds true for every state or government. Hence, even though the government is considered to be an authority in the state, the importance of the individuals should not be discounted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The significance of the individual not only in the formation of the state but also in the maintenance of the state should all the more be recognized. The power and the authority of the state is largely influenced by the roles and performances of individuals, and that a poor functioning of the individual members of the government and of the state in general greatly affects the state. Thus, the state should acknowledge the welfare of the individuals and realize the fact that, although there may be other sources one can contend, these individuals are one of the significant foundation of the power and authority of the state. References Krueger, Anne O. Government Failures in Development. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 4.3 (1990): 11-13. Palmer, Tom G. Review: Social Contract, Free Ride: A Study of the Public Goods Problem by Anthony De Jasay. Ethics 101.3 (1991): 651-52.

Harsh Issues in A Streetcar Named Desire :: Streetcar Named Desire

Harsh Issues in A Streetcar Named Desire      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, is a play which deals with many harsh issues like spousal abuse, rape, and insanity. The play is mainly about Blanche and her sister Stella. Blanche arrives at her sisterÕs house after being fired from the school where she taught and after loosing the big family house. She says she is on a leave of absence, but Stella and her husband, Stanley, soon find out the truth. Throughout the play Blanche acts as someone she isnÕt, in order to hide her past and hope that someone will desire her. Her escape is futile for her past is uncovered, and her last chance to meet a man is destroyed.The main theme of this play is the uselessness of escape. Blanche arrives at her sistersÕ house acting like someone she isnÕt. Her dirty past, and her motives for puting on this act are quickly discovered and Blanche ends up in a nut house.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Blanche arrives at her sistersÕ home she says that she has come to stay with them temporarily because she has lost the family estate (she could no longer support it financially). Blanche has an air of superiority, indirectly commenting on where her sister lives and acting as if she has more class. When Stanley meets Blanche he is quickly suspicious of how she obtained all of her clothes, furs and jewelry. In the third scene Stanley is drunk after a poker night and hits his wife. They reconciliate the same night and Blanche puts on an act of how terrified she is, even after being reassured by two people the event wasnÕt a big deal. In scene four Blanche tells her sister about one of her rich friends that could send her some money and get her out of her bind. This is a lie, later on Stanley finds out that this man is not rich, and just an old aquantance of Blanche. Later on Blanche has a converstaion with Stella, which Stanley over hears, where she speaks of Stanley calling him primitive and saying he has animal like behaviors. This turns Stanley against Stella, even though he says nothing to her face. Blanche meets Mitch one of StanleysÕ friends, and one day she explains to her sister that she wants to decieve Mitch so that he wants

Volunteer work

For example, many high school and college students in the United States often spend many hours as volunteers in hospitals, orphanages or homes for the aged. They read books to the people in these places. Sometimes the students Just visit them, play games with them or listen to their problems. Other young volunteers work in the homes of sick or old people. They clean up their houses, do their shopping or mow their lawns.For boys ho no longer have fathers, there Is a voluntary organization called Big Brothers. College students take these boys to baseball games and help them to get to know things that boys usually learn from their fathers. Some high school students take part In helping disadvantaged or handicapped children. They give care and comfort to them and help them to overcome their difficulties. Young college and university students participate In helping the people who have suffered badly In wars or natural disasters.During summer vacations, they volunteer to work In remote or mountainous areas to provide education for children. Each city has a number of clubs where boys and girls can go to play games. Some of these clubs organize short trips to the mountains, beaches or other places of interest. Most of these clubs use a lot of high school and college students as volunteers because they are young enough to understand the problems of younger boys and girls. Volunteers believe that some of the happiest people in the world are those who help to bring happiness to others.