The Normalization of Rape in the Democratic Republic of...

Ruined by Lynn Nottage is a powerful play that narrates the nearly normalized issue of sexual violence against women and girls in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Nottage personally traveled to the DRC and interviewed the victimized women and created a play that is based on their stories. She composed a very powerful play that made its audience to become aware of tragic situations that take place in African countries today. Throughout the play, Nottage brings the reader to raise several questions, such as why did these vulnerable women become the target of violence and what drives militiamen to commit these crimes rather than protecting them. While war in the DRC already created unpleasant outcomes, such as poverty and corruption, it also created cruel type of a weapon, humiliation and rape of women beside the guns and bombs. Meger asserts in her article that the majority of the rape crimes involve gang rapes, â€Å"with an average of 4.5 attackers per victim,† and they also tend to be systematically preplanned (127). Women depicted in Ruined are examples of rape victims. Salima’s story in particular demonstrates how violent and unforgiving it can be out in there. She was gang raped when she was in her garden and her attackers even ended up killing her infant. Not only was she brutally assaulted, but also neglected and abandoned by her husband and the village, which left her nowhere to turn to. Salima sees Mama Nadi’s bar as a place to live, but in an entirely new way of

Cultural Competence and Diversity in Healthcare

Question: Critically examine and reflect upon cultural competence and diversity in healthcare based on your practice learning experiences to date. A rationale for your chosen approach to reflection. A critical reflective discussion of cultural competence and diversity in healthcare within the context of the four Nursing and Midwifery Council domains of professional values; communication and interpersonal skills; nursing practice and decision making; leadership management and teamwork. A critical review and evaluation of how these experiences will influence and inform your nursing practice. Reference to relevant literature to support your discussion using the APA referencing format. Answer: Introduction The objective of this paper is to present my reflection on cultural competence and diversity in healthcare. This paper is based on my personal experiences. The cultural competence and diversity in health care depends on the way health is defined (Hockenberry Wilson, 2014). The term health could be defined from multiple perspectives. The definition of health could be based on the perceptive of multiple worldviews. An important definition of health is from Person perspective. Fawcett describes the person as the recipient of nursing, including individuals, families, communities, and other groups. Another important worldview is Environment. According to Fawcett the environment refers to the persons significant others and physical surroundings, as well as to the setting in which nursing occurs, which ranges from the persons home to clinical agencies to society as a whole (Miller, 2006). I think that health is a subjective term and health could have multiple connotations. For example, hea lth could be related to physical fitness, mental satisfaction, psychological wellbeing etc. I personally believe that good health is a mental frame or feeling of belief and confidence. It would include physical health as well as mental health. In this paper I have used the four Nursing and Midwifery Council domains of professional values; communication and interpersonal skills; nursing practice and decision making; leadership management and teamwork.A brief definition of these four domains can be discussed as: Professional values: These values refer to the professional values that nurses carries as a part of their profession (Peek Park, 2013). I have learned that these values should be common across all the nurses and NMC promotes high ethical and moral values as the professional values of nurses Communication and interpersonal skills: This domain refers to the need to communication and interpersonal skills that the nurses should have (Parker, 1998). It is important that the nurses should be able to communicate effectively with patients and other stakeholders. Decision Making: This domain on NMC focuses on the effective decision-making. It is important that nurses should not waste the time to take critical decisions Leadership management and teamwork: As the nurses grow in profession, it is important that they must have the traits of leaders In this reflection paper, I would discuss my learning of past three years and I would share my experiences in all the four domains. The Phenomenological community I belong to is nursing. As nurses we share knowledge, we conduct research and perform evidence based practice. We put into effect what we have learned, seen, experienced and place together all of the outcomes to provide better care for our patients. The field of nursing has changed greatly over the past few years and many older nurses are more outgoing and willing to help the new nurses with their understanding and application when they are just starting off (Balls, 2009). Nurses are super caring, involved in the community and gain pride in helping others. The reflection cycle that I have used in this paper can be shown as: The story that I would follow with this reflective model is the way a trusting relationship is build with the patient as well as their family. Analysis I would like to begin the analysis with the definition of the terms like cultural competency, diversity and reflection. These terms are defined with respect to their application in the health care industry. Cultural competence: Cultural competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency or among professionals and enable that system, agency or those professions to work effectively in cross-cultural situations (Delgado Ness, 2013). Another definition of cultural competency is the ability to manage the cultural differences in a multicultural environment. Diversity: Diversity in health care refers to the state of being diverse. This is the state where the stakeholders have different and diverse background (Long, 2012) Another definition of diversity and diverse workforce is the presence of people from different cultural backgrounds and different attitudes. Critical Reflection: The term critical reflection means that the content of this paper is based on my learning and experiences I believe that spirituality has an important role to play in healthcare diversity. I would like to start my reflection with the role of spirituality in health care industry and cultural competency in health care. Spirituality has an important role to play in health care industry (Seright, 2012). It is correct to say that philosophical and cultural tension has increased between science and religion. I believe that this tension could reduce and both science and religion could co-exist in health care industry. With time and with advancements in science, health care industry has seen various transformations (Dogan, 2012). However, I believe that spirituality still exists in the roots of health care industry. With time, the definition of spirituality and being spiritual has also changed (Olson, 2015). I believe that spirituality is not only about God and Christ. Spirituality is a broader term that provides confidence and strength to patients and their family members. It also provided stre ngth of doctors, physicians, nurses and other stakeholders. This tension between science and religion could be eased if people are open to accept the viewpoints of other people with different views. The reflection cycle for this reflective paper can be discussed as: Description Cultural diversity and cultural competence care is something that all nurses will struggle with at one point or another during their practice due to the increase progression of diverse populations. This issues focuses on my personal experiences of patients with different cultural backgrounds. Cultural competence can include: language, religion, beliefs, customs, traditions, etc. and all should be respected no matter what the current medical situation is being presented. I find that within my current community, although everyone's culture is similar to my own, when I go to work in another community their is a broad variety of cultures that are either similar to my own or completely different. This was an issue as I have to manage the people from different cultural backgrounds and I was not able to develop good rapport with all the patients. It is interesting to get to know these patients and their culture as it helps me not only perform needed care but also understand their healthcare needs based upon their own current practices. I feel that by knowing and understanding their culture it also helps me advocate for their healthcare needs as well which leads to higher patient satisfaction, compliance, and most importantly helps me build a trusting relationship with the patient as well as their family. By getting to know the patient, I am able to treat them holistically, which shows them my true passion and caring nature toward their health. However, I was not sure that how to deal with the patients when they belong to different culture and they are not able to show confidence in you. There was an Indian patient named Sarabjit and she was not able to share anything with. Probably she was not comfortable with the service provider of any other culture. Feelings I was not feeling good and in fact I was feeling bit apprehensive at the starting. However, my colleagues told me that it was natural and it happens a lot of time in nursing practice. Unlike my situation however, I do understand that as nurses being able to learn cultural competence has to occur at a very fast pace regardless of the specialty area or unit in which we work due to the high patient demand. There are several challenges that inhibit the progression of culturally competent care within the communities but there are many progressions that are being made as well with medical facilities incorporating more culturally diverse staff, educational programs, etc. that are becoming readily available for their staff members. According to Truong, Paradies, and Priest (2014), culturally competent care can increase once the nurse is aware of their own values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors as well as help the nurse increase development of their assessment and communication skills. Evaluation The challenges that community nurses face while providing care for different communities include language barriers (Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, 2013). Some of the possible solutions to language barriers is providing educational materials in the language of the target population. Other ways to address language barriers is to assign a community health nurse that speaks the language of the targeted population. Some of the challenges a nurse may face if she is presented with a community that is different to her are related to cultural differences, and would include barriers such as verbal and body language differences. At the same time, this is a benefit because the nurse is able to evolve their cultural competency. Conclusion In a community similar to his or her own, a nurse would feel comfortable but would not have the same room for growth that they would have in a different community. And finally, being in the same community can be restrictive, a challenge that Ive faced working in the community that I live in is encountering people I know personally or professionally as patients and finding that it is difficult for them to communicate with me as openly as a patient who was a stranger to me would. Ways to overcome these challenges are to continually stay open minded and willing to adapt to changes (Rosenkoetter, 2014). Nurses need to accept that ideal situations are dismal in this field and we all need to be willing to expand our knowledge regarding different communities. Action The action is about the action plan that I would use as a part of self-improvement. I believe that education is definitely the key to success with everything and anything. We are not only responsible for caring for our communities but also educating them so that they are able to improve their health situations (Kirmayer, 2012). However, education will only be successful if it is tailored specifically to each communities needs. First, before we are able to implement the needed changes to create a healthy community we have to get a basic understanding of where the community is and what their own personal beliefs or understandings are toward living healthy because not everyone has the same understanding and beliefs about what healthy is. Once we can understand their visions and understandings then we can begin to work with the community and tailor a plan specifically for them so that they will have a healthier community (Phyllis, 2009). Creating a healthy community is a progressive chai n of events that will not happen overnight but with proper commitment, tools, education, planning, and resources it can be accomplished to ensure better healthy for everyone. The timelines for the action plan can be shown as: Phase Time Assessment 3 weeks Framework Development 3 weeks Learning curve 15 weeks Continuous Learning Ongoing The reflection of the four Nursing and Midwifery Council domains of professional values can be discussed as: Domain 1: Professional values I believe that the nurses can have high professional values only when the community has high professional values. A healthy community will reduce racial, ethnic, and socio-economic health disparities (Community Cheer, 2011). Each community member should be given room for growth to develop skills and abilities. Community members should not be held back and should be able to share creativity and talents with each other. Communities as a whole should develop goals and produce positive outcomes. The Community/Public Health Nurse needs to focus on creating partnerships with the public, health providers, and health entities to develop healthy relationships (CDC, 2014). The American Nurses Association (ANA) feels that community health nursing must focus on the prevention of illness and the promotion and maintenance of health (Mauver Smith, 2009). Other nurse preventions/promotions for a healthy community are to write a legislator, become active in local politics, or write a letter to the e ditor of a newspaper regarding health policy issues. Domain 2: Communication and interpersonal skills According to Shepard (2004), when working with community health, the members awareness and information concerning group needs and resources are considered sporadic as their access to their necessary resources relies on existing relationships or links within the community as well as word of mouth from other members who have had previous or current positive results. All healthy communities have the same goals in common and strive to maintain their goals as much as possible. The communities as a whole work together to ensure optimal health for all its members through utilize everyones knowledge to help one another. A great example of this can be seen through creating and maintaining a community garden where all its members are able to grown their own fruits and vegetables in a designated area within the community where all the varies families are able to come daily, weekly, or monthly to obtain their needed groceries to create their balanced meals so they do not have eat fast foods and have more healthier options for their family. Or it can be seen through having community exercise programs, community transportation to medical care, more readily available medical care within the community that includes urgent care, hospitals, medical teams, etc. that can be used by everyone regardless of their socioeconomic status. Overall the primary goal of creating a healthy community is to ensure that its members are living according to their health guidelines where everyone is receiving the proper health promotion and maintenance. Through research by Smith (2009), it was found that communities where health living was pushed and supported there was improved community exercise compliance, reduced gas emissions with improved air quality, fewer injuries and even car accidents, more physical activity among adults and children, increased social development, lower body weights, and even decreased chronic disease. But before this can be achieved as a member of the healthcare team, a firm understanding of the communitys beliefs toward being a healthy community must be known and understood. Once their beliefs and understandings are known, then we can work together to create their healthy community goals. However, if their views and beliefs differ from my own, then it is important for me to understand why it differs and how to develop the proper plans, goals, and interventions based upon our differences while also reassuring the community of positives. Some things that I can do to help overcome this deficit include first and foremost, getting out within the community and actively helping its members by seeing and understanding why they live the way they live, seeing their daily patterns, understanding their concerns, etc. A lot of hands on and direct care must be taken as it can be challenging for the community to not just open up to change but also want to change based upon the recommendations of someone they do not know. Trust must be built and understanding has to be known so that everything will be individualized showing care and leading to increased compliance (Horey, 2014). This is something that will not just affect their home life, but work, school and all other aspects so compliance and maintenance can be sustained. Nursing practice and decision-making The future of nursing practice depends on insurance (Kim, 2013). The future of healthcare that excites me most is the role of public-private partnership. In the current time, most of the mid size hospitals and healthcare institutions can not afford to make huge capital investments due to high costs and risks involved. In the future, these organizations can have integration with government to focus on excellent infrastructure that can help to provide excellent healthcare services to consumers. The role of private insurance would also increase, as government cannot cover all the citizens under its insurance plans (Compton, 2013). The possible effect of health care reform from a financial and accounting perspective is an increase in the capital investment made by hospitals. At the same time, the competition is increasing in healthcare industry. Therefore, healthcare organizations may have to cut their operational cost to make way for capital expenditure. I work with a lot of elderly and it a sad sight when they end up hospitalized or in nursing homes with very few visitors other than their spouse, children, or grandchildren. Some of the elderly have no living relative and only one friend who are just as old as they are. Building a community where senior outreach is promoted can encourage seniors to be more active in their daily lives. Obstacles faced by seniors include lack of financial resources, lack of motivation, and physical limitations due to past surgeries, malnutrition, mental changes or other illnesses (Yang Lee, 2012). Promoting healthy habits at an earlier age when the individual is able such good hygiene, as you have mentioned, diet, exercise, and community involvement can help the elderly age with less complications. I hope that you will reach your goal in establishing an outreach program for the seniors of the community. Leadership management and teamwork It is critical that leaders should promote the health life in the community through health communities. A healthy community to me is one that seeks improvement in all aspect of the community (Choi Lee, 2016). It is one where healthcare is promoted through nursing outreaches or other route, and there it exists a huge social network where information is shared. A healthy community entails that its residents know what healthy behaviors, modifiable diseases, and risky behaviors are. In this type of communities, you will find people exercising, dieting and focusing on prevention of disease rather than their treatment. Most Healthy community has in common what is called healthcare community program (HCP) that are mostly put in place by the CDC. This program through leadership encourages or reinforces people commitment to healthy choices (CDC, 2015). As an example Tabaco use can be prohibited in public within certain communities where there is a HCP that makes smoking cessation a goal. For all communities out there that lack the information and the commitment to make their community a healthy place, nurses can help by implementing structures that would involve outreach, specific community leader training, disease prevention education, and monthly newsletter that will track the improvement of this specific communities. All healthy communities should be at proximity of a park where children can exercise and hospitals (Smit, 2013). My idea of a healthy community would include the ability to interact with other people in a smoke free environment. It would be a community with clean air, water and access to healthy food sources. It would include the ability for residents to have contact with natural surroundings in order to have a more walkable community to help reduce the amount of car traffic and have a healthier air quality in the community and reduce the risk of obesity and other cardiovascular and respiratory issues. While most communities are unique, most healthy communities share common traits. According to the Health Resource in Action research, some common elements include the lack of disparities, a strong economy and employment, higher education, preventative health care services, a stable environment and ecosystem, housing, the ability to have access to healthier food, safety, involvement of all community members and the development of healthy children (Nuszen Rom, 2014). It would be very difficult to expect to have all these elements in a healthy community, but understanding the most important elements needed to create a healthy community will help in successfully developing a healthy community (2015). If the idea of a healthy community didnt match my community's definition, then I would become a member of a community government group to help set up meetings with members of our neighborhood in order to assist in obtaining information on how to improve our community (Common Pathways, 2011). In trying to improve our community in working together we can all bring valuable ideas and skills that can help promote and develop a healthier community (2011). A healthy community should have election based positive leaders that communicate openly through newspaper, radio, television, or in person. The people of the community should have some decision making ability and members work together for common betterment. An example of this would be in our community, parents wanted a park. The community did not have the money to afford the full cost of what the public wanted. The community banded together and approached the city leaders with a plan devised to split the cost. The community not only raised over half the money, but over 100 volunteers came out to help build the park saving the county construction cost. As a result the kids of the community have a huge gym park, a water park, basketball court, and tennis court. The Papadopoulos model of cultural competence can be shown as: Common features of a healthy community include connecting people, providing resources, appreciating diversity, shaping the future of the community, producing leadership (common pathways, 2016), and promoting healthy habits from an early age. There are several ways to encourage the community to participate in healthier habits. One of the most effective ways is through social media. By utilizing the television, educational commercials about regular vehicle check-ups, benefits of owning a hybrid vehicle, and adverse effects of secondhand smoking. Another way to work towards a healthier community is through homeless outreach program (Lee Kim, 2012). I have found in our community we have a lot of success doing health fairs. We not only do them for general public but we partner with a lot of the local businesses and do health fairs for BP, Cholesterol, Flu Shots. We have found that a great resource to get preventative information out. We also partner with local schools doing programs such as hand hygiene and physical activity and health program. Preventative Health Maintenance Programs are a key component to the Health Program of a Healthy community (Romios Crock, 2013). We need more involved community health workers to instill life long learning and education to meet the needs of the communities in which they live in. I feel that there are many resources and campaigns out there but not sure if they are reaching their target populations such as the low income, or immigrants who come here and are afraid to seek help. These populations end up seeking care in our ERs and usually once a disease process has already begun to cause irre versible change. And I think that it would not be considered taking their fate into their own hands but rather them understanding their are resources available to help guide them into the right direction. In the last three years, I have learned that eliminating disparities, achieving health equity, and improving health for all groups are inevitable to create a healthy concept community as the Healthy People 2020 stated its goals for health promotion and disease prevention (Hart, 2014). I have also learned that community standard established by individual help in which he or she lives and it is responsibility for each one maintain positive living environment. Community standards are mutually agreed upon expectations, which guide our residential communities in maintaining a safe and respectful environment in which all are able to flourishand live healthy and wealthy life. Conclusion The above paper discusses the cultural competence diversity in health care. The above also discusses the challenges of cultural competence in nurses. Some challenges for community health nurses are different beliefs and orientation of the community to health or cultural diversity. This is why cultural diversity is one of the challenges faced by the community nurses (Branson, 2013). Therefore it is very important for the community nurse to be aware of language and cultural difference. On the other hand, the benefit is that they shared values, interests, beliefs and goals these will make it easy for the community nurse to deliver health care with little or no problem. A possible solution to the challenges is delivering the education on health care to the community through the use of interpreter when dealing with patient who does not speak English. I agree that a nurse should have cultural competency in relation to the demographic for which they are serving. This can be difficult to est ablish at first, depending on what cultures you've already been exposed to. I will admit that feeling comfortable definitely is nice, and I can be fearful at times that people from other cultures may find me to be offensive. Also, at my hospital if we need to use a phone interpreter I feel that it drags out the conversation with my patients and a lot of times they seem very confused, but I don't know if what I'm saying is being adequately translated. References Balls, P. (2009). Phenomenology in nursing research: Methodology, interviewing and transcribing.Nursing Times;105: 31, Retrieved September 18, 2015, from https://www.nursingtimes.net/phenomenology-in-nursing-research-methodology Center for Disease and Prevention. (2014). A Healthy Places. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/about.htm Choi, K. S., Lee, W. S., Park, Y. S., Jun, M., Lee, S. Y., Park, Y., ... Vipavee, T. (2016). The Relationship between Cultural Competency and the Importance of Nurses' Qualities Perceived by Undergraduate Nursing Students.Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing,27(2), 163-172. Common Pathways. (2011). Healthy Communities. Retrieved August, 08, 2016 from: https://www.commonpathways.org/content/healthy-communities Delgado, D. A., Ness, S., Ferguson, K., Engstrom, P. L., Gannon, T. M., Gillett, C. (2013). Cultural competence training for clinical staff measuring the effect of a one-hour class on cultural competence.Journal of transcultural nursing,24(2), 204-213. Designing 4 Health. (2015) Elements and Common Principles of a Healthy Community. Retrieved August 26, 2016 from: https://designing4health.wordpress.com/2015/01/02/elements-and-common-principles-of-a-healthy-community/ Douglas, M. K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D. F., Callister, L. C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., ... Purnell, L. (2014). Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care.Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 1043659614520998. Goldman, M., Compton, C., Mittleman, B. B. (2013). Public-private partnerships as driving forces in the quest for innovative medicines.Clinical and translational medicine,2(1), 1-3. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D. (2014).Wong's nursing care of infants and children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Horvat, L., Horey, D., Romios, P., Kisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Rigo, J. (2014). Cultural competence education for health professionals.The Cochrane Library. Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., Becker, A. B. (1998). Review of community-based research: assessing partnership approaches to improve public health.Annual Review of Public Health, 19,173-202 Jacobs, E., Shepard, D., Suaya, J., Stone, E. (2004).American Journal of Public Health Vol 94(5): 866-869.Overcoming Language Barriers in Health Care: Costs and Benefits of Interpreter Services Jeffreys, M. R., Dogan, E. (2012). Evaluating the influence of cultural competence education on students transcultural self-efficacy perceptions.Journal of Transcultural Nursing,23(2), 188-197. Kim, S. H. (2013). Transcultural Self-efficacy and Educational Needs for Cultural Competence in Nursing of Korean Nurses.Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,43(1). Kirmayer, L. (2012). Rethinking cultural competence.Transcultural Psychiatry,49(2), 149. Lee, E. J., Kim, Y. K., Lee, H. (2012). A study on the cultural competence of community health practitioners.Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing,23(2), 179-188. Loftin, C., Hartin, V., Branson, M., Reyes, H. (2013). Measures of cultural competence in nurses: An integrative review.The Scientific World Journal,2013. Long, T. B. (2012). Overview of teaching strategies for cultural competence in nursing students.Journal of cultural diversity,19(3), 102. Mareno, N., Hart, P. L. (2014). Cultural competency among nurses with undergraduate and graduate degrees: implications for nursing education.Nursing education perspectives,35(2), 83-88. Mauver, F., Smith, C., (2009).Community/Public Health Nursing Practice: Health for Families and Populations 4thed.St. Louis, MS. Elsevier Noble, A., Nuszen, E., Rom, M., Noble, L. M. (2014). The effect of a cultural competence educational intervention for first-year nursing students in Israel.Journal of Transcultural Nursing,25(1), 87-94. Olson, J. K. (2015). Knowledge Required to use the Power of Spirituality in Healthcare.Acta Paulista de Enfermagem,28(2), 3-4. Peek, E. H., Park, C. S. (2013). Effects of a Multicultural Education Program on the Cultural Competence, Empathy and Self-efficacy of Nursing Students.Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,43(5). Phyllis, M. (2009). Community Health Nursing. American Journal Of Nursing, 109(1), Retrieved from September 18, 2015, https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=834322 Renzaho, A. M. N., Romios, P., Crock, C., Snderlund, A. L. (2013). The effectiveness of cultural competence programs in ethnic minority patient-centered health carea systematic review of the literature.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,25(3), 261-269. Seright, T. (2012). Perspectives of registered nurse cultural competence in a rural state--Part II.Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care,7(1), 57-69. Shelly, J. A., Miller, A. B. (2006).Called to care: A Christian worldview for nursing(2nd ed.). Downers Grove, IL.: IVP Academic. Smith, M. A. (2009). 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Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation Essay Example

Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation Paper For instance, on the supply side, traffic flow, speed, composition, frequency of stopping and starting, road gradient and surface. When considering the affected side, the factors like proximity to road, type of land use and time of day, also affect the generation of traffic noise. 1. 2 Purpose of the Study The main purpose of the study is to assess and find out the variations in traffic noise level under Stop-Go situations. 1. 3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are: * To determine the level of noise due to vehicle Start. * To determine the level of noise due to vehicle Stop. To assess variations in traffic nose level under Stop-Go situations. 1. Study Area The study area is an intersection where is located along Persian Tama road. The intersection is signaled and it is located at Saudi Town. Saudi Town is located within the Juror Barr District and it is between the Sinai and Juror Barr City Centre. It is under administrative of Juror Barr Central Municipal Council. Figure 1-1 shows the location Of study area. Figure 1 ;1: Study Area. 1. 5 Scope of the Study The scope of this study is mainly focused on the assessment level of noise under Stop-Go situations. The study area is intersection where is tied Persian Tama road with Persian Tama 1 road. The collected data are Noise level. The instrument that has been used to collect data is a survey. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction Stop-and-Go or more generally interrupted traffic is one of traffic phenomena being controlled by traffic signals at intersections. The prediction of traffic noise level in such the area needs the characteristic of traffic flow in conjunction with noise emission level of each vehicle type. The movement characteristic of traffic at an intersection can be forecasted using traffic flow horses whereas noise emission level is obtained from field measurement data. This study aiming at the collection of stop and go noise emission level which indeed relates to the level of noise pollution received by student and teacher at Seakale Meghan Sebastian Minutia Rind. As the school is located at a busy intersection, noise pollution in the school environment is expected to disturb the activities in school such as study, discussion and teaching session. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution Under Stop and Go Situation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, the environmental assessment of traffic noise at intersections near the school is measured. 2. Noise 2. 2. 1 Definition of Noise people who study acoustics define noise as complex sound waves that are periodic, in other words, sound waves with irregular vibrations and no definite pitch. In engineering, noise is defined as a signal that interferes with the detection of or quality of another signal. In fact, it is difficult to recognize the noise sound from others. For Instance, Is music noise? Is the hum of tires on a highway noise? Is the surround-sound movie theater noise? Is the philharmonic concert noise? And what about the accompanying beat for aerobic exercises at the health club? Sounds that are soothing for some are irritating to others. Basically, noise is unwanted sound. It is a pollutant and a hazard to human health and hearing. Noise is one of the environmental pollutants which create interference in communication and health (Augural and swami 2009; Pratt and Nagasaki 2007; Apathy et al. AAA). It an environmental stress which has received much attention in the past (Zinnia et al. 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) considered noise as the third most hazardous type of pollution right after air and water pollutions (WHO 2005). People exposed to high-level noise may be affected in en or more of three ways: health, performance, and comfort (Media and Outshone 2001). Research regarding urban noise pollution and its consequences for the community has been studied by several countries (Apathy et al. Bibb; Kumar and Gain 1998; All 2004 Oshkosh et al. 1999). The most obvious effect of noise is damage to hearing ability, which may be temporary or permanent depending on the exposure time (Immemorial al. 2002;Hyssop and Aisha 2005). Similar study that focused on the behavior of human beings exposed to traffic noise was carried out in Canada by Michael et al. (2008). Generally, motor vehicles, which are a very significant part Of the urban environment, are an important source of noise emission, contributing 55% to the total noise (Bannered et al. 008; Naira et al. 2003). 2. 2. 2 Unit of Noise Noise levels are measured in decibels (db). The higher the decibel level, the louder the noise. The decibel (db) is a logarithmic unit for the ratio of a physical quantity, usually power or intensity relative to a specified or implied reference level. A ratio in decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities. Being a ratio of two measurements of a hysterical quantity in the same units, it is a dimensionless unit. A decibel is one tenth of a bell, a seldom-used unit. The decibel is widely known as a measure of sound pressure level, but is also used for a wide variety of other measurements in science and engineering, most prominently in acoustics, electronics, and control theory. In electronics, the gain of amplifiers, attenuation of signals, and signal to noise ratios are often expressed in decibels. It confers a number of advantages, such as the ability to conveniently represent very large or small numbers, a logarithmic scaling hat roughly corresponds to the human perception of sound and light, and the ability to carry out multiplication of ratios by simple addition and subtraction. . 2. 3 Noise Measurement Unit used to measure sound pressure level is decibel (db). Sound can also measured using Pascal (Pa) but measurement in Pascal would therefore quite unmanageable numbers. The decibel scale is simple and easy to use without involving long linear numbers. Decibel also gives a much better approximation of the response of human ear to loudness. With every unit of decibel it must be included a weighting network at the end of it. This weighting network used to differentiate sound based on its frequency. There are three categories of weighting system that is always used, that is A,B and C. The difference between weighting network between ABA and C are A discriminates against the low frequencies. 8 also discriminates against the low frequencies but to a lesser extent, and C to the least extent. There is also a D weighting but it is used to measure noise from airplanes. In this study, the weighting network of A will be used because its characteristic is almost the same as characteristics of human ear. Instrument used to measure noise bevel at source is sound level meter. The unit used in this instrument is decibel. Sound level meter is design to react with sound is similar to reaction with human ear. The difference is that the sound measured by this instrument will be processed and changed into numbers for interpretation purposes. Sound level meter consist of microphone, amplifier, network weighting (A,B, and C) and a meter. Microphone is an important part of the instrument. The sound will enter the sound level meter through microphone and the acoustic energy of sound will be transferred into electric signal by microphone. After all the transformations have been completed the meter will process the input data in decibel values. 2. 3 Classification of the Noise Levels Both the amount of noise and the length of time you are exposed to the noise determine its ability to damage your hearing. Noise levels are measured in decibels (db). The higher the decibel level, the louder the noise. Sounds louder than 80 decibels are considered potentially hazardous. The noise figure below gives an idea of average decibel levels for everyday sounds around you. Painful 150 db rock music peak 140 db = firearms, air raid siren, jet engine 30 db = jackhammer 120 db jet plane take-off, amplified rock music at 4-6 Ft. , car stereo, band practice Extremely Loud 110 db = rock music, model airplane 1 06 db = timpani and bass drum rolls 1 00 db = snowmobile, chain saw, pneumatic drill 90 db = lawnmower, shop tools, truck traffic, subway Very Loud 80 db = alarm clock, busy street 70 db busy traffic, vacuum cleaner 60 db = conversation, dishwasher Moderate 50 db = moderate rainfall 40 db = quiet room Faint 30 db = whish per, quiet library 2. Noise Pollution at School Environment Schools surrounding are the place that is considered as noise abatement zone. School environment especially located in busy area has a high rate of noise pollution. There are many new schools built near roadways in residential areas without noticing the impact of traffic activities to the school environment. Noise pollution at school environment is due to many sources. It depe nds on where the school is built. A school which is located near the city center has a very high noise pollution range because it has many sources that will lead to noise pollution. In this study area, Seakale Meghan Sebastian Minutia Rind which is located at intersection with traffic signal has the potential of Ewing noise polluted as the intersection normally congested during peak hour with many types of vehicle pass through the road. Noise from vehicles especially motorcycle, buses and trucks are very annoying and disturbing. 2. 4. 1 Effect of Noise Research being done by Snobbery (1 974), he has determine some effects of noise pollution to school students , such as : 1. They did not hear the teacher as well 2. They found it more difficult to hear lectures and classroom discussion 3. It was more difficult to study 4. They felt it was necessary to talk loudly in class in order to be heard 5. Some teachers have to speak too loudly and 6. Outside noise bothered them Much of the research on noise and children concerns damage to the auditory system. While the possibility of hearing damage is, and should be, of concern to parents and educators, the non-auditory effects of noise on children also deserves attention. The literature on the latter topic falls into three categories; physiological effects, motivational effects, and cognitive effects. 2. 4. 1. 1 Physiological effects An elevated blood pressure level in school-aged children is associated with living or going to school near a major noise source (e. . , Stop and go, traffic light, trains). Although the blood pressure levels of children exposed to these major noise sources are within the normal range, they are higher than for children not exposed to major noise sources. Refereed to the previous statistic, the elevated blood pressure levels are of concern for two reasons. One, the levels do not habituate with continued exposure, and two, elevated pressure levels in children appear to continue this pattern into adulthood thereby increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease. In each case the noise exposure was chronic. 2. 4. 1. 2 Motivational effects Research findings suggest that exposure to uncontrollable noise may make children more vulnerable to learned helplessness. Learned helplessness means that the individual learns that the outcomes of its behavior are independent of the actions of the individual. Most of this research has been with school-aged children, including kindergà ¤rtners. One study found that children attending a school near a major airport were less likely to solve a challenging puzzle and to persist at it as well. Another study found that children exposed to noise were more likely to abdicate their choice for a reward to their teachers. The children decided to let the adult pick a prize for them rather than exercise their option to do so. Teachers in noisy schools also report greater difficulty in motivating children in their school work. Children often had less tolerance for frustration. Limited work has been done with younger children. One study in a residential setting found that 12 month- old infants in noisy homes exhibited less mastery-oriented play behavior with their toys than their counterparts in quieter homes. 2. 4. 1. 3 Cognitive effects Most of the research on the non-auditory effects of noise on children has been on cognitive effects. The research has looked at memory, attention/ perception, and academic achievement. The study on memory and noise for children parallels that of adults; there appears to be little or no effects of noise on simple memory. This holds true for both chronic and acute exposure to noise. However, if the memory task requires special attention there does appear to be some negative effects of noise. In other words, if the individual has to pay particular attention because of the difficulty of the task, noise may interfere with the memory task. 2. 4. 2 Ways to Reduce Noise Problem in Schools Environment Research done by Slater (1968) proved that student will perform better under quiet condition than noisy condition. Noise pollution in school environment disturbs during study session. Students cannot concentrate with what they are learning and consequently they will lose their interest to study. Searchers also cannot teach effectively during teaching session. This is due to uncomfortable classrooms conditions that the students cannot hear their voice clearly and the student will hardly understand what the teacher is trying to teach. There are many ways to reduce noise pollution problem from getting worst specially in school environment : 1. Construct a school building tha t has sound insulation system 2. Construct sound barrier such as high fence made from concrete wall of wood 3. Planting more trees in the schools surrounding 4. A good planning before building school 5. Stop or remove the noise 6. Society awareness about the noise problem 7. A strict laws concerning noise pollution and 8. Speed limit for road users near school surrounding 2. 5 Characteristics of Noise Waves Noise or sound is created by alternate compression and decompression of particles of the air. This causes the air pressure to fall and rise in the form of waves. Frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness) are the two characteristics of sound. 2. 5-1 Frequency Frequency is the number of times that the air is compressed and decompressed in a second, and is measured in cycles per second, or Hertz (Haze). Low frequency produces a low pitched, bass sound. High frequency produces a high pitched, whistle sound. Human ears respond to frequencies between GHz and 20,GHz. The human voice produces frequencies between GHZ and 2,OOZE. Below GHZ and above 20,000 HAZE sound cannot be heard but it can still be harmful. The ear is most sensitive to sounds between 1000 and GHz. 2. 5. 2 Intensity Intensity is the amount of sound energy reaching the eardrum, and is measured in decibels (db). Zero decibels is the faintest sound that the average person can hear, and the loudest sound may be more than a million times this level. This is because the intensity of sound does not rise gradually each increase of 10 decibels means that the intensity increases 1 0 times. For example, a 10 decibel sound is 10 times louder than a 1 decibel sound; a 20 decibel sound is 100 times louder than a 1 decibel sound (xx); 30 Seibel are 1000 times louder (10x10x10), and so on. The ear responds to intensities from O to db. Discomfort is felt at db, and near db, pain is felt with possible rupture and permanent damage to the eardrum. Some noise intensity measurements are given in a measure called db(A) which takes into account the frequency sensitivity of the ear. db(A) measurements are obtained on a noise meter which weights the different frequency components. For example, the noise intensity for a circular saw, and the noise intensity inside a bus have the same value when expressed in db. But the noise from a circular saw contains a greater proportion of high frequencies, and is more annoying than the noise inside a bus. Therefore, the circular saw has a higher db(A) value. 2. Main Traffic Noise Sources Noise sources associated with transportation projects can include passenger vehicles, medium trucks, heavy trucks and buses. Each of these vehicles produces noise; however, the source and magnitude of the noise can vary greatly depending on vehicle type. For example, while the nose from passenger vehicles occurs mainly from the tire-roadway interface and is Hereford located at ground level, noise from heavy truc ks is produced by a combination of noise from tires, engine, and exhaust, resulting in a noise source that is approximately 8 feet above the ground. The following list provides information on the types of transportation noise sources that will be part of a roadway project, and describes the type of noise each produces. 2. 6. 1 Passenger Vehicles (cars): Noise emitted from O to 2 feet above roadway, primarily from tire-roadway interface. This category includes normal passenger vehicles, small and irregularities trucks, small to mid-size sport utility vehicles, mini- and full-size assenter vans. Typical noise levels for passenger vehicles are 72 to 74 dab at 55 MPH at a distance of feet. 2. 6. Medium Trucks (MET): Noise emitted from 2 to 5 feet above roadway, combined noise from tire- roadway interface and engine exhaust noise. This category includes delivery vans, such UPS and Federal Express trucks, large sport utility vehicles with knobby tires, large dieseling trucks, some tow-trucks, city transit and school buses with under vehicle exhaust,moving vans (U-haul-type trucks), small to medium recreational motor homes and turbochar ger trucks with the exhaust located under the vehicle. Typical noise levels for mediumistic are 80 to 82 dab at 55 MPH at 50 feet. . 6. 3 Heavy Trucks (H T): Noise emitted from 6 to 8 feet above the roadway surface, combined noise sources includes tire-roadway interface, engine noise, and exhaust stack noise. This category includes all log-haul tractor-trailers (semi-trucks), large tow trucks, dump trucks, cement mixers, large transit buses, motor homes with exhaust located at top of vehicle, and other vehicles with the exhaust located above the vehicle (typical exhaust height of 12 10th feet). Typical Jose levels for heavy trucks are 84 to 86 dab at 55 MPH at 50 feet 2. 2. 6. Road Noise Arises from Three Sources on Vehicles: * propulsion noise (engine, power train, exhaust and intake systems) Tire/road contact noise * Aerodynamic noise The engine noise is the dominant source at lower speeds (under km/h for passenger cars / under km/h for lorries), tire noise dominates above that, a nd aerodynamic noise becomes louder as a function of the vehicle speed. 2. 7 Traffic Noise Mitigation In theory, there are a number of options that can be used to reduce or mitigate traffic noise. These include traffic management, highway design, and noise barriers including earthen beers. In reality, noise mitigation is often infeasible due to space requirements, aesthetic issues and financial costs, or because the costs o;sigh the benefits. Any specific mitigation measure recommended as part of a project must be feasible and have a reasonable cost in relation to the benefit. Potential mitigation measures are described below. 2. 7. 1 Traffic Management Traffic management measures include modification Of speed limits and restricting or prohibiting truck traffic. Restricting truck use on a given roadway loud reduce noise levels at nearby receivers since trucks are louder than cars.

London Economy Essay Sample

London Economy Essay Sample London Economy Essay Example London Economy Essay Example According to a global index of the cities appeal, the best cities of the world are New York, London, and Tokyo. Each of them has the unique centuries-old history and which underwent economic, social, and political ups and downs. Numerous conquerors changed originality and culture of the three capitals. Today, New York and Tokyo occupy a leading niche on business activity and sizes of the capital market. London and New York are the leaders in the success of tourists and emigrants involvement. Large cultural and sporting events and a number of the museums and theatres prevail in London and New York. Owing to research, it became obvious that public galleries of the cities, in most cases non-profitable, are the main source of information on classical heritage and state of the modern art for their inhabitants. Private galleries are capable of presenting art history within a certain direction that makes them the most acceptable for purposeful searches. Moreover, there is also a classical g radation taking the educational principle as a basis. Talking about labour migration of London, New York, and Tokyo, the research proved that this phenomenon has both positive and negative impacts on the cities. First of all, the reduction of production costs due to the use of cheaper foreign labour in leads to crease competitiveness of the cities’ goods. Foreign workers provide additional demand for goods and services in the country and, thus, stimulate an increase in production and working employment. However, the major disadvantage of labour migration is the social tension, which appears when foreign workers take those job vacancies for which local workers apply. London is a Global Capital of Culture Nowadays, New York and Tokyo are to be considered the front-runners in the economic sense. However, day by day, London is becoming not only a financial centre, but also a global capital of culture, prestige, and wealth. Each city has its unique history, culture, and economy with its own advantages and drawbacks. Finance and trade play the major roles in the development of the economies in the three mentioned cities. They are the most important financial centres of the whole world and the country the capital of which they are. The financial organizations located in these cities have controlled the loin’s share of the world capital. London, New York and Tokyo are the major world equity markets, but London is one of the most important economic and financial centres of Great Britain, Europe, and the whole world. The history of London totals almost 2000 years. The small military fortification of Londinium on the River Thames was founded by the Romans who arrived on the British Isles in the 40-60s, A. D. In 1066, William the Conqueror triumphed over the English king Harold II, came to London and was crowned in Westminster Abbey. At that time, London was proclaimed as the capital of the strengthening monarchy. Due to a successful geographical location and proximity to the sea, the city was gradually becoming a major trading centre where crafts were rapidly developed, roads, residential and public buildings were built. In the middle of the 11th century, London united two cities, i.e. Westminster and City. In City, trade and finance segments continued to develop, whereas Westminster gradually was becoming the religious and political centre. In 1176, the construction of the stone bridge replacing the wooden one built by the Romans began. Construction of the new bridge, which later was called as Ol d London Bridge, was completed in 1209. The city became the real capital only during the governance of Edward III, who transferred the royal administrative centre to Westminster for the period of his reign in the 14th century. London became the only British city of the Middle Ages, which was compared in size to the great cities of Europe. Settlement of London proceeded and amplified during the Industrial Revolution and throughout the 19th century. The major part of London’s population was in poverty. During the 19th century, poor and unemployed people were stagnated in alcoholism. By 1871, London’s population reached 3 million people and increased by means of prospering middle class citizens, who moved into the city centre. London became the capital of art and literature. The numerous masterpieces and works by Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, Dickens, and Kipling were created there. In the territory, which today is occupied by the city of New York, Indian tribes lived long before the arrival of Europeans. European settlements began in 1626 with the foundation of the Dutch settlement known as New Amsterdam on the southern suburb of Manhattan. In 1664, the British seized the city without having encountered opposition, and it was renamed into New York in honour of the Duke of York. As a result of the second Anglo-Dutch War in 1667, the Dutch officially gave New York to British and in exchange received a colony of Suriname. At the beginning of the War for Independence, the modern territory of the city was the arena of important battles. As a result of Brooklyn fight, a large fire began in which the most part of the city burned down, and until the end of the war, it was in the hands of Great Britain up to the time when Americans took it under control again in 1783. Within the 19th century, the city population promptly grew due to rough inflow of immigrants. In 1811, the master plan of the city development was adopted and according to it the network of streets was expanded having covered all Manhattan. By 1835, New York surpassed Philadelphia on the population having become the biggest city in the United States. In 1898, according to the new bill, the new municipal unit originally called the Greater New York was created. In 1914, the state legislature created Bronx County, and New York County was reduced to the sizes of one Manhattan. In the first half of the 20th century, the city became the world centre of industry, trade, and communication. In 1904, the first metro company Interborough Rapid Transit started working. In 1930s, the outlines of New York soared skyward with construction of several highest skyscrapers of the world. After World War II, New York became the indisputable world leading city. In 1973, the twin towers of World Trade Cent re were constructed. Construction of the United Nations headquarters in New York symbolized a unique political value of the city. The city of Tokyo was founded in 1457 and was called Edo. At that time the construction of the castle in the place where East Garden of the Imperial Palace is currently located began. In 1524, Hojo Ujitsunathe entered the castle, and in 1590, it was occupied by Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu became a shogun and started ruling Japan from Edo Castle. During Tokugawa’s governance, the city was developing rapidly. In 1637, the construction of Edo Castle was completed. In 20 years, the Great Fire of Meireki destroyed the most part of the red light district of Asakusa and Edo Castle region. In 1707, Fuji volcano awakened, and ash covered the city. In 1855, there was a Great Earthquake in Edo. In 1868, the restoration of Meiji occurred. The power in the country passed from the shogun to ruling oligarchs headed by the Emperor. According to the order of the Emperor, Edo was renamed into Tokyo. In 1869, the Emperor Meiji moved to Tokyo and made the castle the Imperial Palace. In 1872, the feudal system was cancelled, and prefectures were created. In 1872, Tokyo was extended to currently known 23 districts. Besides, the first railway in Tokyo and Japan was opened. In 1874, the Tokyo Police Department was created. In 1923, in Kanto, there was the strongest earthquake as a result of which about 70 000 people were lost. In 1927, the first line of the Tokyo subway was opened. In 1986, along with a dramatic rise in land prices the â€Å"land bubble† phenomenon started. In 1990, the †bubble† burst having caused falling of land prices in Tokyo and across the country. The city on the shores of Tokyo Bay became the largest financial, investment, and information centre of the post-industrial world and the unconditional economic capital of new Asia. The capital of Japan keeps this status to this day, and it will be hardly lost in the nearest future. London is one of the largest financial centres of the world with the biggest city gross domestic product in Europe, namely more than $570 billion. The most important branch of a city economy is finance, including bank service, insurance, and management of assets; in London, headquarters of the largest banks and finance companies, including such as HSBC, Reuters, and Barclays are located. One of the largest world centres of currency and share trade is the London stock exchange. The second most important sector in the economy of London is communication. In the capital, the headquarters of BBC is located, which is one of the largest media corporations in the world. London remains one of the largest industrial centres of Britain. The industry of the city and suburbs is presented by mechanical engineering (automotive industry, electronic industry, machine-tool construction, shipbuilding, ship repair, etc.); light industry, food, oil refining and petrochemical industry, polygraphs, etc. ar e also widely developed. One of the most important sources of income for London is tourism. Unlike London that is on the first place on the city gross domestic product in Europe, New York takes only the third place in the USA. However, New York differs from London by its famous New York Stock Exchange, which is the worlds greatest. Like in London, there is also a famous financial district in New York called Manhattan where the headquarters of many known banks, monetary institutions, and insurance companies are located. Besides, in New York City, many companies specialising in the fields of polygraphs, mass media, law, design, architecture, information technologies, telecommunications and many others operate. The primary branches of the industry developed in the city are mechanical engineering, chemical industry, production of textiles, and food. Such modern branches as biotechnologies, software technologies and e-commerce are quickly developing. The big role belongs to construction and design. New York is the capital of fashion in the USA as there are headquarters of many f ashion designers. As well as in London, the tourist industry is considerably developed. Tokyo is one of three international financial centres, along with New York and London Moreover, Tokyo is one of the most economically developed agglomerations in the world. The city takes the first place among the largest agglomerations in the world according to gross domestic product. Tokyo is a large international financial centre, and the headquarters of a number of the largest world investment banks and insurance companies are located there. Tokyo also carries out functions of the concentrator of transport, publishing and broadcasting branches in Japan. The Tokyo stock exchange of Japan is the largest stock exchange, and also the second in the world according to the market capitalization and the fourth in size of a share in turn. It is one of the largest industrial areas in Japan. Nowadays, mainly educational and hi-tech industries, mechanical engineering, auto- and aircraft industry, shipbuilding, and others are highly developed in Tokyo. The oil-processing, petrochemical, chemical, textile, ceramic, furniture, and food industries also play a crucial role in the development of the city economy. Tourism in Tokyo also makes a contribution to its economy. Within such big cities as London, New York, and Tokyo, big wealth and multiple labour resources creating steady demand for immigrants are concentrated. Nowadays, London is one of the most perspective cities for attraction of mass labour migration. Currently, legal immigrants of London make approximately 8 % of the locals and provide 10 % of growth of gross domestic product in the city. Immigrants usually fill low-paid work places in which locals are not interested, for example, the service personnel, agricultural workers, cleaners, drivers of public transport, etc. In order to increase a labour migration, various immigration programs are created and upgraded in London. However, big inflow of immigrants led to population growth that makes locals worry and can lead to a reduction of workplaces for both parts of the London population. Thus, the government of London should assume measures limiting the inflow of immigrants. Migration in London Like in London, the major factors of formation of the labour migration chain in New York are represented by the opportunity to find a job and the existence of the place where friends or family members have already settled. In New York, immigrants make 43 % of labour force and 37 % of the city’s population. Unlike London, which prefers to attract immigrants for secondary work, New York promotes inflow of a large number of scientists and engineers from Europe, East and Southern Asia in every possible way in order to develop educational, scientific, and hi-tech industries. Thus, New York, which historically is most adapted for absorption of additional labour force, transformed labour migration to â€Å"brain drain† that caused a high contribution made by specialists immigrants in development of the city’s science, medicine, and art. Despite clear discontent of old residents caused by settlement of immigrants in â€Å"old blocks† or by the fact that cheap labo ur force reduce salary level in the city, New Yorkers got over such situation. Currently, the Tokyo authorities are too anxious with a natural decrease of the city population. Thus, unlike London, this year, there was adopted the immigration program, which is aimed at stopping the extinction of local population and turn Tokyo into the city of immigration and multiculturalism. The city is aimed at attracting immigrants from China, India, CIS countries, Africa, and Latin America. Thus, the adoption of the immigration program will strengthen the influence of Tokyo both in Japan and other global cities. The major amount of the workforce is concentrated in Tokyo, rather than in neighbouring prefectures. As well as in London, immigrants in Tokyo are used for the majority of not prestigious jobs. Men work on building sites (42 %) and small subcontract enterprises (39 %), and women work in bars and private clubs (80 %). However, like in New York, the companies carry out an active campaign for recruitment of talented scientific youth abroad in recent years. Unlike both New York and London, Tokyo practices not only immigration of this contingent of the workforce but also performance of various tasks by it and the solution of scientific and technical tasks in the homeland and in foreign branches of the various companies. Such actions are economically justified since Tokyo’s highly skilled labour is one of the most expensive in the world. Proportion of Workers in Tokyo Metropolis by Place of Residence Talking about arts and cultural activities London appears on an edge of art history, and at the beginning of the 20th century, London was considered to be the capital of modern art, which replaced New York in the global sense. In London, the modern art is widely presented both in the museum and gallery spheres that testify to belief of the English audience, curators, art critics, and other art workers in relevance of modern art process and cultural activities. The London market of works of art attracts to itself billionaires and visitors from all over the world, whose payments at various auctions and fairs provide the considerable income to the economic sphere of the city. The important role in advance of London was played by patronage, which gave noticeable odds to many countries. Attraction of financial resources to the sphere of art generated an interest emergence as the ordinary inhabitants, exhibitions of works of the well-known European masters allowed the generation of English artists to join classical, high art that undoubtedly positively affected their skills of performance. However, similar capital investment did not take place without consequences. Men of influence like Charles Saatchi had an opportunity to control a turn of works of art, pricing, and career of the artists. A significant role was played also by a political system of London promoting the capital inflow to the art and cultural spheres. All large art galleries, for example, National portrait gallery or Tate Britain, got official city support, which allowed to make a number of expositions free for access for the population to join art with any level of wealth. As well as in London, inhabitants of New York participate in the most various art and cultural actions, and they get many advantages. However, in comparison with London, not enough attention is paid to a considerable part of the population, and there are significant barriers on a way to population acculturation. Thus, according to recent researches, the majority of the poor population has no opportunities to participate in cultural life of the city. This fact causes great alarm because they are not able to experience a wide range of advantages, which art and cultural interaction can provide. Need of coverage of national groups and reduction of considerable barriers demands constant attention of the cities authorities in the next years. Quality of life in the city and its economic level will be considerably increased if these problems become important elements of the public agenda in the nearest future. Like New York and London, Tokyo is the largest scientific and cultural centre of Japan. In Tokyo, over 100 state, municipal, and private higher educational institutions are located, for example, the University of Tokyo, the Metropolitan University, Waseda University, etc. According to the historical background, the majority of the major departments of the country were transferred to Tokyo, thus, nowadays, there are such establishments as Japanese Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Arts, research institutions, laboratories and the centres at universities, ministries and departments, including National Space Laboratory, National Oncologist Centre, National Parliamentary Library, etc. The city is also famous for the National Theatre of Japan. In the capital, there are more than 400 commercial and non-commercial art galleries and a great amount of museums. One of the largest museums is the Tokyo National Museum, which is an important scientific centre because it contains 85 thousand wor ks of painting, sculptures, and applied art. Such rich cultural and scientific heritage of the city attracts tourists from all over the world that in turn favourably influences the economy and gives a chance to locals to actively participate in cultural city life. Taking into account all abovementioned information, it should be noted that London, New York and Tokyo are the most successful global cities. The long and pompous with numerous events history of the cities played a major role in the establishment of their modern state and look. Various international interconnections influenced the economy, culture and population of the researched capitals. The phenomenon of immigration was always considered doubly because it has positive and negative influence. Thus, the comparative analysis showed that intensive labor migration had and continues to have a great impact on the economy and culture of these developed cities. Besides, all listed aspects affected the perception of relevance of art at the ordinary audience of New York, London, and Tokyo. The belief in the modern art increased and affected essential increase of the prices of the modern art. It also got into all spheres of life and mass media, moreover, its studying was included in various e ducational programs that allows to claim about qualitatively other perception of the modern art.

AQ-TD#1 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AQ-TD#1 8 - Essay Example Influence can be generated through trustworthiness, competence and credibility. By influencing the other nurses, an advocate can build a case for the needed change (Almidei, 2010). Additionally, it is vital to establish positive, cooperative relationships with the other nurses in order to have them in the advocacy. Collaboration would allow the advocate to share a common goal with the other nurses. With this, the advocate would include the other nurses by involving them in the development of the common goals and strategies on how to attain the desired change (Almidei, 2010). Arguably, developing a collaborative relationship with nurses in other departments would make a valuable contribution. However, collaboration would be effective with communication to the other nurses. In essence, advocacy depends on communication. In order to bring the other nurses to share with the advocacy, an advocate would require to communicate the issue to the other nurses in order to convince them to join him or her (Mason et al., 2011). This would serve as a way of including other nurses in the

Research paper of a scholary published creative problem solving

Of a scholary published creative problem solving process - Research Paper Example Large corporations and small businesses can use creative problem-solving methods to re-think old approaches to production and build new approaches. The important aspect of creative problem-solving is that it encourages individuals to share their ideas with a workgroup, and that it recognizes the need of managers to facilitate this popularly in the office or work environment to foster change and improvement in operations. Without management trained in creative problem-solving and seeking to develop intra-office communication through knowledge-sharing, there is unlikely to be any new development or change in the way day-to- day operations in a business are conducted. From this and practical experience in the field, it is evident that creative problem-solving is most effective in business groups or industries which need to innovate to survive or have a competitive advantage over other similar businesses, for these situations require an awareness of the challenges of the industry placed continually to the forefront in order to keep vibrancy and dynamism in the workplace ongoing. In the first case study referenced, Vidal, Mulet, & Gomez-Senent (2004) discuss the â€Å"Effectiveness of the Means of Expression in Creative Problem-solving in Design Groups† based on this important need to challenge work groups to innovate and come up with new ideas for advertising-related careers. The first part of effective management is to knowing clearly the requirements of the job, and for a project manager in publishing or software development, this extends to knowing the requirements of every person’s job as well as communicating to the employees precisely what their responsibilities are in the workplace. However, the case has been made by industry insiders with years of practical management experience in advertising, media, and publishing, that creative campaign projects such as those found in design, magazine and television publishing require a unique management st rategy that is different from that of industrial activity or scientific research. Creative problem-solving approaches the ground of every business and communication problem as unique to the work environment and community engaged. Through this, the discipline can work with the management team and staff on premises to build an improved flow of communication that encourages workers in sharing ideas between each other in order to stimulate a more dynamic, creative process in the office. While it is easily understandable that disciplines such as design and publishing have their own unique need for creativity in the workforce, creative problem-solving as a management technique can be implemented in innumerable situations across all sectors of business and industry. The essential quality of creative problem-solving is that it frees up communication between individuals in channels that had not been previously open, welcome, or understood. In the example of the R. L. Reid study, â€Å"Creat ive Problem-solving Speeds Illinois Tollway Work† (2006), the management technique can even be put into effect in bridging the communication problems that separate workers from the public at large. The reason for this is that creative problem-solving as a management technique operates on the actual terms of the question or problem at hand,

The Individual and the Government Essay Example for Free

The Individual and the Government Essay Our society is composed of many individuals who come from almost all walks of life. The purposeful functions of the individuals in the society benefit the state at large. The same is true for the performance of the state, giving us the idea that the state has the capability to provide not only the needs of the individuals but the also the needs of its own. Every individual in every state has their respective roles that, when summed altogether, comprise the entire benefits for the state. Quite similarly, every state also has its own distinctive roles that benefit the society in general. The government of the state recognizes the individual in many ways, and the most prominent of this comes in the form of the laws that promote and maintain the welfare of the individuals. On the other hand, the individual citizens recognize the roles and responsibilities of the government towards the people and the state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is a fact that individuals are one of the key components of the state, and that their roles in the state contribute to the preservation and continuance of the welfare of the general society. Many of the philosophers from the Renaissance to the contemporary times have emphasized the importance of individual human beings in the formation of the state. A number of these philosophers, specifically those who have proposed their own theories of social contract, stress the point that human beings agreed to form the state in order to preserve their lives as opposed to living a solitary life. Even the government is comprised of individual members each with specific mandated functions that altogether build-up the internal structure and organization of the government. With this aggregate membership of individual citizens, the government is able to proceed with its roles in the state and deliver the needs of the people, hence, exercising its part as the authority in the state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the state is an independent entity whose authority does not depend on other independent states, the state nevertheless needs the citizens who will fill-up the positions in the government in order to give it the capacity to perform its roles. The role of the citizens does not end there. It is also true that the individual citizens of the state pay taxes that serve as the source of the government’s finances. Even the minors pay taxes through the form of purchasing taxable goods and other services available within the territory of the state. While these are just some of the legally binding responsibilities of the citizens, the scope of these responsibilities is of primary significance to the well-being of the state—which is why they are bounded by the law. The individuals may not choose not to fulfill these responsibilities because the law prescribes them to do so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The state is essentially important, and that it serves as the identity of the summation of all individuals that belong to a single nation. Since the state is composed of individual citizens, it can also be said that the individuals share a form of authority as well. Had it not been for the smaller parts that comprise the whole, the whole would not have materialized. The same holds true for every state or government. Hence, even though the government is considered to be an authority in the state, the importance of the individuals should not be discounted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The significance of the individual not only in the formation of the state but also in the maintenance of the state should all the more be recognized. The power and the authority of the state is largely influenced by the roles and performances of individuals, and that a poor functioning of the individual members of the government and of the state in general greatly affects the state. Thus, the state should acknowledge the welfare of the individuals and realize the fact that, although there may be other sources one can contend, these individuals are one of the significant foundation of the power and authority of the state. References Krueger, Anne O. Government Failures in Development. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 4.3 (1990): 11-13. Palmer, Tom G. Review: Social Contract, Free Ride: A Study of the Public Goods Problem by Anthony De Jasay. Ethics 101.3 (1991): 651-52.